INTENSITAS WAKTU DIDEPAN LAYAR DIGITAL DAN AKTIVITAS LUAR RUANG TERHADAP RESIKO MIOPIA PADA ANAK

Abstract

The incidence of myopia in children has increased sharply worldwide, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to an increase in digital screen exposure time and a decrease in outdoor activities. Several observational studies mentioned that high screen time and limited exposure to natural light are key risk factors for the early development of myopia. This study aims to systematically review the findings from observational studies and meta-analyses that investigate the relationship between screen exposure time and outdoor activities with the occurrence of myopia in children, based on research conducted in the last 10 years. The methods used include a systematic review of 12 published references from 2015 to 2025, obtained through PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. The inclusion criteria encompass longitudinal, cross-sectional, intervention studies, and meta-analyses involving school-aged children. The analysis results indicate that digital screen exposure exceeding 4 hours per day consistently correlates with an increased risk of myopia, and outdoor activity lasting at least 2 hours per day has a protective effect against the development and progression of myopia. The combination of high screen time and minimal exposure to natural sunlight further amplifies the risk of this refractive disorder. This review underscores the importance of lifestyle interventions promoting healthy visual activities both at school and at home to balance digital screen exposure with outdoor activities in efforts to prevent myopia in children.